The Union Army was the land force that fought for the Union during the American Civil War. It was also known as the Federal Army, the U.S. Army, the Northern Army and the National Army. It consisted of the small United States Army (the regular army), augmented by massive numbers of units supplied by the Northern states, composed of volunteers as well as conscripts. The Union Army fought and eventually defeated the smaller Confederate States Army during the war which lasted from 1861 to 1865. About 360,000 died from all causes; some 280,000 were wounded.

History

Formation

When the American Civil War began in April 1861, there were only 16,000 men in the U.S. Army, and of these many Southern officers resigned and joined the Confederate States Army. The U.S. Army consisted of ten regiments of infantry, four of artillery, two of cavalry, two of dragoons, and one of mounted infantry. The regiments were scattered widely. Of the 197 companies in the army, 179 occupied 79 isolated posts in the West, and the remaining 18 manned garrisons east of the Mississippi River, mostly along the Canadian border and on the Atlantic coast.

With the secession of the Southern states, and with this drastic shortage of men in the army, President Abraham Lincoln called on the states to raise a force of 75,000 men for three months to put down the "insurrection". Lincoln's call forced the border states to choose sides, and four seceded, making the Confederacy eleven states strong. The war proved to be longer and more extensive than anyone North or South had expected, and on July 22, 1861, Congress authorized a volunteer army of 500,000 men The call for volunteers initially was easily met by patriotic Northerners, abolitionists, and even immigrants who enlisted for a steady income and meals. Over 10,000 Germans in New York and Pennsylvania immediately responded to Lincoln's call, and the French were also quick to volunteer. As more men were needed, however, the number of volunteers fell and both money bounties and forced conscription had to be turned to. Nevertheless, between April 1861 and April 1865, at least two and a half million men served in the Union Army, of whom the majority were volunteers.

It is a misconception that the South held an advantage because of the large percentage of professional officers who resigned to join the Confederate States Army. At the start of the war, there were 824 graduates of the U.S. Military Academy on the active list; of these, 296 resigned or were dismissed, and 184 of those became Confederate officers. Of the approximately 900 West Point graduates who were then civilians, 400 returned to the Union Army and 99 to the Confederate. Therefore, the ratio of Union to Confederate professional officers was 642 to 283. (One of the resigning officers was Robert E. Lee, who had initially been offered the assignment as commander of a field army to suppress the rebellion. Lee disapproved of secession, but refused to bear arms against his native state, Virginia, and resigned to accept the position as commander of Virginia forces. He eventually became the commander of the Confederate States Army.) The South did have the advantage of other military colleges, such as The Citadel and Virginia Military Institute, but they produced fewer officers. Only 26 enlisted men and non-commissioned officers are known to have left the regular United States Army to join the Confederate Army, all by desertion.

Major organizations

The Union Army was composed of numerous organizations, which were generally organized geographically.

; Department : An organization that covered a defined region, including responsibilities for the Federal installations therein and for the field armies within their borders. Those named for states usually referred to Southern states that had been occupied. It was more common to name departments for rivers (such as Department of the Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland) or regions (Department of the Pacific, Department of New England, Department of the East, Department of the West, Middle Department).

; District : A subdivision of a Department (e.g., District of Cairo, District of East Tennessee). There were also Subdistricts for smaller regions.

; Military Division : A collection of Departments reporting to one commander (e.g., Military Division of the Mississippi, Military Division of the Gulf). Military Divisions were similar to the regions described by the more modern term, Theater.

; Army : The fighting force that was usually, but not always, assigned to a District or Department but could operate over wider areas. Some of the most prominent armies were:

::*Army of the Cumberland, the army operating primarily in Tennessee, and later Georgia, commanded by William S. Rosecrans and George Henry Thomas. ::*Army of Georgia, operated in the March to the Sea and the Carolinas commanded by Henry W. Slocum. ::*Army of the Gulf, the army operating in the region bordering the Gulf of Mexico, commanded by Benjamin Butler, Nathaniel P. Banks, and Edward Canby. ::*Army of the James, the army operating on the Virginia Peninsula, 1864–65, commanded by Benjamin Butler and Edward Ord. ::*Army of the Mississippi, a briefly existing army operating on the Mississippi River, in two incarnations—under John Pope and William S. Rosecrans in 1862; under John A. McClernand in 1863. ::*Army of the Ohio, the army operating primarily in Kentucky and later Tennessee and Georgia, commanded by Don Carlos Buell, Ambrose E. Burnside, John G. Foster, and John M. Schofield. ::*Army of the Potomac, the principal army in the Eastern Theater, commanded by George B. McClellan, Ambrose E. Burnside, Joseph Hooker, and George G. Meade. ::*Army of the Shenandoah, the army operating in the Shenandoah Valley, under David Hunter, Philip Sheridan, and Horatio G. Wright. ::*Army of the Tennessee, the most famous army in the Western Theater, operating through Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Georgia, and the Carolinas; commanded by Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, James B. McPherson, and Oliver O. Howard. ::*Army of Virginia, the army assembled under John Pope for the Northern Virginia Campaign.

Each of these armies was usually commanded by a major general. Typically, the Department or District commander also had field command of the army of the same name, but some conflicts within the ranks occurred when this was not true, particularly when an army crossed a geographic boundary.

The regular army, a term used to describe the permanent United States Army, was intermixed into various units and formations of the Union Army, forming a cadre of experienced and skilled troops. They were regarded by many as elite troops and often held in reserve during battles in case of emergencies. This force was quite small compared to the massive state-raised volunteer forces that comprised the bulk of the Union Army.

; Theaters Operations in the Civil War were distinctly divided within broad geographic regions known as theaters. For overviews of general army operations and strategies, see articles on the main theaters, including the Western Theater, and Eastern Theater.

Personnel organization

Soldiers were organized by military specialty. The combat arms included infantry, cavalry, artillery, and other such smaller organizations such as the United States Marine Corps, which, at some times, was detached from its navy counterpart for land based operations. The Signal Corps was created and deployed for the first time, through the leadership of Albert J. Myer.

Below major units like armies, soldiers were organized mainly into regiments, the main fighting unit with which a soldier would march and be deployed with. According to W. J. Hardee's "Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics" (1855), the primary tactics for riflemen and light infantry in use immediately prior and during the Civil War, there would be, within each regiment, ten companies, each commanded by a captain, and deployed according to the ranks of captains. Regiments were almost always raised within a single state, and were generally referred by number and state, e.g. 54th Massachusetts, 20th Maine, etc.

Regiments were usually grouped into brigades. However, brigades were changed easily as the situation demanded. The regiment was the main form of permanent grouping. Brigades were usually formed once regiments reached the battlefield, according to where the regiment might be deployed, and alongside which other regiments.

Leaders

Several men served as generals-in-chief of the Union Army throughout its existence: Winfield Scott: July 5, 1841 November 1, 1861 George B. McClellan: November 1, 1861 March 11, 1862 Henry W. Halleck: July 23, 1862 March 9, 1864 Ulysses S. Grant: March 9, 1864 March 4, 1869

The gap from March 11 to July 23, 1862, was filled with direct control of the army by President Lincoln and United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, with the help of an unofficial "War Board" that was established on March 17, 1862. The board consisted of Ethan A. Hitchcock, the chairman, with Department of War bureau chiefs Lorenzo Thomas, Montgomery C. Meigs, Joseph G. Totten, James W. Ripley, and Joseph P. Taylor.

Scott was an elderly veteran of the War of 1812 and the Mexican-American War and could not perform his duties effectively. His successor, Maj. Gen. McClellan, built and trained the massive Union Army of the Potomac, the primary fighting force in the Eastern Theater. Although he was popular among the soldiers, McClellan was relieved from his position as general-in-chief because of his overly cautious strategy and his contentious relationship with his commander in chief, President Lincoln. (He remained commander of the Army of the Potomac through the Peninsula Campaign and the Battle of Antietam.) His replacement, Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, had a successful record in the Western Theater, but was more of an administrator than a strategic planner and commander.

Ulysses S. Grant was the final commander of the Union Army. He was famous for his victories in the West when he was appointed lieutenant general and general-in-chief of the Union Army in March 1864. Grant supervised the Army of the Potomac (which was formally led by his subordinate, Maj. Gen. George G. Meade) in delivering the final blows to the Confederacy by engaging Confederate forces in many fierce battles in Virginia, the Overland Campaign, conducting a war of attrition that the larger Union Army was able to survive better than its opponent. Grant laid siege to Lee's army at Petersburg, Virginia, and eventually captured Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy. He developed the strategy of coordinated simultaneous thrusts against wide portions of the Confederacy, most importantly the Georgia and Carolinas Campaigns of William Tecumseh Sherman and the Shenandoah Valley campaign of Philip Sheridan. These campaigns were characterized by another strategic notion of Grant's—deny the enemy the supplies needed to continue the war by widespread destruction of its factories and farms along the paths of the invading Union armies.

Grant had critics who complained about the high numbers of casualties that the Union Army suffered while he was in charge, but Lincoln would not replace Grant, because, in Lincoln's words: "I cannot spare this man. He fights."

Among memorable field leaders of the army were William Rosecrans, George Henry Thomas and William Tecumseh Sherman. Others, of lesser competence, included Benjamin F. Butler.

Union victory

The decisive victories by Grant and Sherman resulted in the surrender of the major Confederate armies. The first and most significant was on April 9, 1865, when Robert E. Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to Grant at Appomattox Court House. Although there were other Confederate armies that would surrender in the following weeks, such as Joseph E. Johnston's in North Carolina, this date was nevertheless symbolic of the end of the bloodiest war in American history, the end of the Confederate States of America, and the beginning of the slow process of Reconstruction.

Casualties

Of the 2,213,363 men who served in the Union Army during the Civil War, 364,511 died in combat, or from injuries sustained in combat, disease, or other causes, and 281,881 were wounded. More than 1 out of every 4 Union soldiers was killed or wounded during the war; casualties in the Confederate Army were even worse—1 in 3 Southern soldiers were killed or wounded. Though it should be noted that the Confederates suffered a considerably lower amount of overall casualties than the Union, at roughly 260,000 total casualties to the Union's 360,000. This is by far the highest casualty ratio of any war in which America has been involved. By comparison, 1 out of every 16 American soldiers was killed or wounded in World War II, and 1 out of every 22 during the Vietnam War.

In total, 620,000 soldiers died during the Civil War. There were 34 million Americans at that time, so 2% of the American population died in the war. In today's terms, this would be the equivalent of 5.9 million American men being killed in a war.

Ethnic groups

The Union Army was composed of many different ethnic groups, including large numbers of immigrants. About 25% of the white people who served in the Union Army were foreign-born.

The estimate of 25 percent of the Union armed forces being foreign-born is very accurate. This means that about 1,600,000 soldiers and sailors were born in the United States, including about 200,000 African-Americans. About 200,000 soldiers were born in one of the German states (although this is somewhat speculative since anyone serving from a German family tended to be identified as German regardless of where actually born—Sanitary Commission Report, 1869). About 200,000 soldiers and sailors were born in Ireland. Although some soldiers came from as far away as Malta, Italy, India, and Russia, most of the remaining foreign-born soldiers came from England, Scotland and Canada.

Breakdown of the approximately 2.2 million Union soldiers [ethnic origin and nativity have be conflated inconsistently here by an editor]:

1,000,000 (45.4% of all Union soldiers) native-born white Americans.

516,000 (23.4%) Germans; about 216,000 were born in Germany.

210,000 (9.5%) African American. Half were freedmen who lived in the North, and half were ex-slaves from the South. They served under white officers in more than 160 "colored" regiments and in Federal regiments organized as the United States Colored Troops (USCT).

200,000 (9.1%) Irish.

90,000 (4.1%) Dutch.

50,000 (2.3%) Canadian.

50,000 (2.3%) born in England.

40,000 (1.8%) French or French Canadian. About half were born in the United States of America, the other half in Quebec.

20,000 (0.9%) Scandinavian (Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, and Danish).

7,000 Italian

7,000 Jewish

6,000 Mexican

5,000 Polish (many of whom served in the Polish Legion of Brig. Gen. Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski)

4,000 Native Americans

Several hundred of other various nationalities.

Many immigrant soldiers formed their own regiments, such as the Irish Brigade (69th New York, 63rd New York, 88th New York, 28th Massachusetts, 116th Pennsylvania); the Swiss Rifles (15th Missouri); the Gardes Lafayette (55th New York); the Garibaldi Guard (39th New York); the Martinez Militia (1st New Mexico); the Polish Legion (58th New York); the German Rangers (52nd New York); the Highlander Regiment (79th New York); and the Scandinavian Regiment (15th Wisconsin). But for the most part, the foreign-born soldiers were scattered as individuals throughout units.

For comparison, the Confederate Army was not very diverse: 91% of Confederate soldiers were native born and only 9% were foreign-born, Irish being the largest group with others including Germans, French, Mexicans (though most of them simply happened to have been born when the Southwest was still part of Mexico), and British. Some Southern propaganda compared foreign-born soldiers in the Union Army to the hated Hessians of the American Revolution. Also, a relatively small number of Native Americans (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Creek) fought for the Confederacy.

Army administration and issues

Various organizational and administrative issues arose during the war, which had a major effect on subsequent military procedures.

Blacks in the army

The inclusion of blacks as combat soldiers became a major issue. Eventually, it was realized, especially after the valiant effort of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry in the Battle of Fort Wagner, that blacks were fully able to serve as competent and reliable soldiers. This was partly due to the efforts of Robert Smalls, who, while still a slave, won fame by defecting from the Confederacy, and bringing a Confederate transport ship which he was piloting. He later met with Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War, to argue for including blacks in combat units. This led to the formation of the first combat unit for black soldiers, the 1st South Carolina Volunteers. Regiments for black soldiers were eventually referred to as United States Colored Troops. The blacks were paid less than white soldiers until late in the war and were treated harshly. This is one of the biggest reasons why they protested. Even after the end of the war, they were not permitted (by Sherman's order) to march in the great victory parade through Washington, DC.

Unit supplies

Battlefield supplies were a major problem. They were greatly improved by new techniques in preserving food and other perishables, and in transport by railroad. General Montgomery C. Meigs was one of the most important Union Army leaders in this field.

Combat medicine

Medical care was, at first, extremely disorganized and substandard. Gradually, medical experts began calling for higher standards, and created an agency known as the United States Sanitary Commission. This created professional standards, and led to some of the first advances in battlefield medicine as a separate specialty. General William Alexander Hammond of the Medical Corps did some major work and provided some important leadership in this area.

Additionally, care of the wounded was greatly improved by medical pioneers such as Clara Barton, who often worked alone to provide supplies and care, and brought a new level of dedication to caring for the wounded.

Military strategy

The Civil War drove many innovations in military strategy. W. J. Hardee published the first revised infantry tactics for use with modern rifles in 1855. However, even these tactics proved ineffective in combat, as it involved massed volley fire, in which entire units (primarily regiments) would fire simultaneously. These tactics had not been tested before in actual combat, and the commanders of these units would post their soldiers at incredibly close range, compared to the range of the rifled musket, which led to disastrous mortality rates. In a sense, the weapons had evolved beyond the tactics, which would soon change as the war drew to a close. Railroads provided the first mass movement of troops. The electric telegraph was used by both sides, which enabled political and senior military leaders to pass orders to and receive reports from commanders in the field.

There were many other innovations brought by necessity. Generals were forced to reexamine the offensive minded tactics developed during the Mexican–American War where attackers could mass to within 100 yards of the defensive lines, the maximum effective range of smoothbore muskets. Attackers would have to endure one volley of inaccurate smoothbore musket fire before they could close with the defenders. But by the civil War, the smoothbores had been replaced with rifled muskets, using the quick loadable minié ball, with accurate ranges up to 900 yards. Defense now dominated the battlefield. Now attackers, whether advancing in ordered lines or by rushes, were subjected to three or four aimed volleys before they could get among the defenders. This made offensive tactics that were successful only 20 years before nearly obsolete.

Desertions and draft riots

Desertion was a major problem for both sides. The daily hardships of war, forced marches, thirst, suffocating heat, disease, delay in pay, solicitude for family, impatience at the monotony and futility of inactive service, panic on the eve of battle, the sense of war weariness, the lack of confidence in commanders, and the discouragement of defeat (especially early on for the Union Army), all tended to lower the morale of the Union Army and to increase desertion.

In 1861 and 1862, the war was going badly for the Union Army and there were, by some counts, 180,000 desertions. In 1863 and 1864, the bitterest two years of the war, the Union Army suffered over 200 desertions ''every day'', for a total of 150,000 desertions during those two years. This puts the total number of desertions from the Union Army during the four years of the war at nearly 350,000. Using these numbers, 15% of Union soldiers deserted during the war. Official numbers put the number of deserters from the Union Army at 200,000 for the entire war, or about 8% of Union Army soldiers. It is estimated that 1 out of 3 deserters returned to their regiments, either voluntarily or after being arrested and being sent back. Many of the desertions were by "professional" bounty men, men who would enlist to collect the often large cash bonuses and then desert at the earliest opportunity to do the same elsewhere. If not caught, it could prove a very lucrative criminal enterprise.

The Irish were also the main participants in the famous "New York Draft Riots" of 1863 (as dramatized in the film ''Gangs of New York''). The Irish had shown the strongest support for Southern aims prior to the start of the war and had long had an enmity with black populations in several Northern cities dating back to nativist attacks on Irish immigrants in the 1840s, when it was observed that blacks, who rivaled the Irish at the bottom of the economic ladder, were frequently reported encouraging on nativist mobs.

With the view that the war was an upper class abolitionist war led in large part by former nativists to free a large black population, which might move north and compete for jobs and housing, the poorer classes did not welcome a draft, especially one from which a richer man could buy an exemption. As a result of the Enrollment Act, rioting began in several Northern cities, the most heavily hit being New York City. A mob reported as consisting principally of Irish immigrants rioted in the summer of 1863, with the worst violence occurring in July during the Battle of Gettysburg. The mob set fire to everything from African American churches and an orphanage for "colored children" as well as the homes of certain prominent Protestant abolitionists. A mob was reportedly repulsed from the offices of the staunchly pro-Union ''New York Tribune'' by workers wielding and firing two Gatling guns. The principal victims of the rioting were African Americans and activists in the anti-slavery movement. Not until victory was achieved at Gettysburg could the Union Army be sent in; some units had to open fire to quell the violence and stop the rioters. By the time the rioting was over, perhaps up to 1,000 people had been killed or wounded (estimates varied widely, now and then).

See also

Grand Army of the Republic

Military history of African Americans

Uniform of the Union Army

United States National Cemeteries

Hispanics in the American Civil War

Notes

References

Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. ''Civil War High Commands''. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.

Grant, Ulysses S. ''Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant''. 2 vols. Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885–86. ISBN 0-914427-67-9.

Glatthaar, Joseph T. ''Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers''. New York: Free Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0-02-911815-3.

Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. ''How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War''. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. ISBN 0-252-00918-5.

McPherson, James M. ''What They Fought For, 1861-1865''. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8071-1904-4.

Further reading

Nevins, Allan. ''The War for the Union''. Vol. 1, ''The Improvised War 1861 – 1862''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1959. ISBN 0-684-10426-1.

Nevins, Allan. ''The War for the Union''. Vol. 2, ''War Becomes Revolution 1862 – 1863''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1960. ISBN 1-56852-297-5.

Nevins, Allan. ''The War for the Union''. Vol. 3, ''The Organized War 1863 – 1864''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971. ISBN 0-684-10428-8.

Nevins, Allan. ''The War for the Union''. Vol. 4, ''The Organized War to Victory 1864 – 1865''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971. ISBN 1-56852-299-1.

Shannon, Fred A. ''The Organization and Administration of the Union Army 1861-1865''. 2 vols. Gloucester, MA: P. Smith, 1965. . First published 1928 by A.H. Clark Co.

Welcher, Frank J. ''The Union Army, 1861–1865 Organization and Operations''. Vol. 1, ''The Eastern Theater''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-253-36453-1.

Welcher, Frank J. ''The Union Army, 1861–1865 Organization and Operations''. Vol. 2, ''The Western Theater''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-253-36454-X.

External links

Civil War Home: Ethnic groups in the Union Army

"The Common Soldier", HistoryNet

''A Manual of Military Surgery'', by Samuel D. Gross, MD (1861), the manual used by doctors in the Union Army.

U.S. Civil War Era Uniforms and Accouterments

Louis N. Rosenthal lithographs, depicting over 50 Union Army camps, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

Official Army register of the Volunteer Force 1861; 1862; 1863; 1864; 1865

Civil War National Cemeteries

Christian Commission of Union Dead

Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Vols 1-8

Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Vols 9-12

Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Vols 13-15

Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Vols. 16-17

Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Vols. 20-21

Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Vols, 22-23

Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers who died in Defense of the Union Vols. 24-27

de:United States Army im Sezessionskrieg es:Ejército federal (Guerra Civil Estadounidense) fr:Armée de l'Union it:Esercito dell'Unione pl:Armia Unii pt:Exército da União

Coordinates	30°19′10″N81°39′36″N
name	Cassandra Clare
birth date	July 27, 1973 Tehran, Tehran Province, Iran
occupation	Author
genre	Young adult Fantasy
nationality	United States
movement	Contemporary fantasy, urban fantasy and fantasy of manners
website	http://cassandraclare.com/ }}

Cassandra Clare is an American author who has written the bestselling young adult saga ''The Mortal Instruments''.

She is also friends with author Holly Black, and their books occasionally overlap, Clare mentioning characters from Black's novels and vice versa, such as Val and Luis from Black's ''Valiant''.

''The Mortal Instruments'' series

In 2004, Clare started working on her first-published novel ''City of Bones'', inspired by the urban landscape of Manhattan. ''City of Bones'' was released by Simon & Schuster in 2007.

''City of Bones'', a contemporary fantasy story revolving around characters Clary Fray, Jace Wayland, and Simon Lewis became a New York Times bestseller upon its release. ''City of Ashes'' and ''City of Glass'' completed the trilogy. In 2009, a fourth installment, ''City of Fallen Angels'', was announced. It was recently published April 5, 2011.

Clare has stated that ''City of Fallen Angels'' is actually the start of a second Mortal Instruments cycle, which will include two other books named ''City of Lost Souls'' and ''City of Heavenly Fire''. She said this new cycle is going to be focusing on the same characters as in the first cycle, as well as a few new characters we will meet in the new books.

In 2009 Clare also announced a new series of prequels called ''The Infernal Devices'' set in the same universe as ''The Mortal Instruments'', but in the Victorian era. This series is planned to consist of three books: ''The Clockwork Angel'', published on August 31, 2010, ''The Clockwork Prince'', expected to be published December 6, 2011, and ''The Clockwork Princess'', slated for release in November 2012.

The Mortal Instruments series has been optioned for film by Unique Features and Constantin Films. First-time writer Jessica Postigo has been hired to write the screenplay, based on the first book in the series. Also, Lily Collins has been cast as the lead role of Clary Fray, and ''Harry Potter'' and ''Twilight'' actor Jamie Campbell Bower has been cast opposite her as Jace Wayland.

Awards

City of Bones

2010 Georgia Peach Book Awards for Teen Readers

Finalist for the Locus Award for Best First Novel of 2007

An American Library Association Teens Top Ten Award winner, 2008 2010 Georgia Peach Book Awards for Teen Readers Winner of The 2010 Abraham Lincoln Illinois High School Book Award Winner of the 2010 Pacific Northwest Library Association Young Reader’s Choice Award A Texas TAYSHAS title 2010 Shortlisted for the 2010 Evergreen Young Adult Book Award Shortlisted for The 2010 Colorado Blue Spruce Young Adult Book Award Shortlisted for The North Carolina School Library Media Association Young Adult Book Award Grand Canyon Reader Award Nominee (Teen) 2010 Iowa High School Book Award Nominee 2009-2010 North Carolina YA Book Award Nominee 2009-2010 New Hampshire Flume Teen Reader’s Choice Award Nominee, 2010 Nevada Young Readers’ Award Nominee 2010 Ohio Buckeye Teen Book Award Nominee, 2009 Oregon Young Adult Network Book Rave Reading List Title 2008 South Carolina Young Adult Book Award Nominee 2009-2010 Shortlisted for the Coventry Inspiration Book Awards

City of Ashes

A 2009 ALA Teens Top Ten Title

Bibliography

The Mortal Instruments Series

''City of Bones'' (2007)

''City of Ashes'' (2008)

''City of Glass'' (2009)

''City of Fallen Angels'' (April 5, 2011) ''City of Lost Souls'' (scheduled May, 2012) ''City of Heavenly Fire'' (scheduled September, 2013)

City of Fallen Angels, City of Lost Souls and City of Heavenly Fire were originally a sequel trilogy of The Mortal Instruments.

The Infernal Devices Trilogy

''Clockwork Angel'' (August 31, 2010)

''Clockwork Prince'' (scheduled for December 6, 2011)

''Clockwork Princess'' (scheduled for September, 2012)

Short fiction

"The Girl's Guide to Defeating the Dark Lord", ''Turn the Other Chick'', ed. Esther Friesner, Baen Books (2005)

"Charming", ''So Fey'', ed. Steve Berman, Haworth Press (2007)

"Graffiti", ''Magic in the Mirrorstone'', ed. Steve Berman, Mirrorstone Books (2008)

"Other Boys", ''The Eternal Kiss'', ed. Trisha Telep, Running Press (2009)

"The Mirror House", ''Vacations from Hell'', ed. Farrin Jacobs, HarperCollins (2009)

"I Never", ''Geektastic'', ed. Holly Black and Cecil Castelucci, Little, Brown (2009)

"Cold Hands", ''ZVU: Zombies Versus Unicorns'', ed. Holly Black and Justine Larbalestier, Simon and Schuster (2010)

Fan fiction

The Draco Trilogy (Harry Potter) The Very Secret Diaries (The Lord of the Rings)

References

External links

Author's website

Author's livejournal

Interview with Cassandra Clare

Category:Living people Category:American fantasy writers Category:1973 births Category:Fan fiction writers

ca:Cassandra Clare de:Cassandra Clare es:Cassandra Clare it:Cassandra Clare nl:Cassandra Clare pl:Cassandra Clare ru:Кассандра Клэр sv:Cassandra Clare

Coordinates	30°19′10″N81°39′36″N
name	Ed Westwick
birth date	June 27, 1987
birth place	Hammersmith, London, England
birth name	Edward Jack P. Westwick
years active	2004–present
occupation	Actor, Musician }}

Edward "Ed" Jack P. Westwick (born 27 June 1987) is an English actor and musician, best known for his role as Chuck Bass in the main cast on the American television series ''Gossip Girl''.

Life and career

Westwick was born in Hammersmith, London, and grew up in Stevenage, Hertfordshire. He trained at the National Youth Theatre in London. He is a Chelsea FC supporter. His early career began with appearances on the British television series ''Doctors'' as Holden, ''Casualty'' as Johnny Cullin and ''Afterlife'' as Darren. His film credits include ''Breaking and Entering'', ''Children of Men'' and ''Son of Rambow''. He has also appeared in the sequel to ''Donnie Darko'', which was released straight to DVD on 12 May 2009, and the horror film ''100 Feet''.

Westwick fronted the British indie rock band The Filthy Youth, composed of himself, Benjamin Lewis Allingham, Jimmy Wright, Mitch Cox, and John Vooght. While he is now inactive in the band, largely because he wants to focus on his acting career and the other band members are still based in the U.K., he has expressed an interest in forming another group in New York.

Westwick became the new face of K-Swiss, making him the second member of the ''Gossip Girl'' cast to endorse sportswear (Leighton Meester endorsed Reebok).

Westwick also guest starred in the third season of the Showtime original series ''Californication'' as a student who was fascinated with vampire literature.

He has also been featured in the audio book version of ''City of Fallen Angels'' by Cassandra Clare.

Personal life

Westwick was dating his ''Gossip Girl'' co-star Jessica Szohr from late 2008. They split in May 2010, with Westwick saying ''"girlfriends are too much of a headache"'', but the two reunited whilst filming season 4 of ''Gossip Girl''.

Filmography

Film

''Children of Men'' ''Son of Rambow'' ''100 Feet'' ''S. Darko'' ''The Commuter'' ''Chalet Girl'' ''J. Edgar'' ''Romeo & Juliet''

Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
2004	Goodbye K'Life	Nino Salithers
rowspan=2	2006	|	Alex
''Breaking and Entering (film)	Breaking and Entering''	Zoran
rowspan=1	2007	|	Lawrence Carter
2008	|	Joey
2009	|	Randy Jackson
2010	|	Bell Boy	Endorsement by Nokia
2011	|	Jonny
2011	|	Agent Smith	Filming
2012	|	Tybalt	Pre-Production

Television

Main roles

Year !! Title !! Role
rowspan=1	2007–present	Gossip Girl (TV series)>Gossip Girl''	Chuck Bass

Guest appearances

''Californication (TV series)

Year !! Title !! Role !! Episode
rowspan=3	2006	Doctors (2000 TV series)>Doctors''	Holden Edwards
''Casualty (TV series)	Casualty''	Johnny Cullin
''Afterlife (TV series)	AfterLife''	Darren
rowspan=1	2009	Californication''||	Chris "Balt" Smith	03x002 – "The Land of Rape and Honey"

Awards and nominations

rowspan=3Nominated

Year !! Result !! Award !! Category !! Nominated work
rowspan=2	2008	Won	Teen Choice Award ||	Choice TV Villain	Gossip Girl
Nominated	Choice TV Breakout Star Male
rowspan=3	2009	Won
rowspan=2	Young Hollywood Award		Young Hollywood Breakthrough Male
Breakthrough Performance Male	Gossip Girl
2010	|	Teen Choice Award	Choice TV Villain	Gossip Girl

References

External links

Category:1987 births Category:Living people Category:English film actors Category:English television actors Category:English rock singers Category:English singer-songwriters Category:English male singers Category:English male models Category:People from Hammersmith Category:English expatriates in the United States

bg:Ед Уестуик da:Ed Westwick de:Ed Westwick es:Ed Westwick fr:Ed Westwick ko:에드 웨스트윅 hr:Ed Westwick id:Ed Westwick is:Ed Westwick it:Ed Westwick he:אד וסטוויק hu:Ed Westwick nl:Ed Westwick ja:エド・ウェストウィック no:Ed Westwick pl:Ed Westwick pt:Ed Westwick ru:Вествик, Эд sl:Ed Westwick fi:Ed Westwick sv:Ed Westwick th:เอ็ด เวสต์วิก tr:Ed Westwick zh:艾德·威斯維克

Coordinates	30°19′10″N81°39′36″N
Name	Dominique Strauss-Kahn
Office	Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund
Deputy	John Lipsky
Term start	1 November 2007
Term end	18 May 2011
Predecessor	Rodrigo Rato
Successor	Christine Lagarde
Office2	Minister of Finance of France
Primeminister2	Lionel Jospin
Term start2	4 June 1997
Term end2	2 November 1999
Predecessor2	Jean Arthuis
Successor2	Christian Sautter
Birth date	April 25, 1949
Birth place	Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
Nationality	French
Party	Socialist Party (1970s–present)
Otherparty	Communist Party(before 1970s)
Spouse	Brigitte Guillemette(m. 1984–?, divorced)Anne Sinclair(m. 1991–present)
Alma mater	School of Commercial Advanced Studies, ParisParis Institute of Political StudiesParis West University Nanterre La Défense }}

Dominique Gaston André Strauss-Kahn (; born 25 April 1949), often referred to in the media or by himself as DSK, is a French economist, lawyer, and politician, and a member of the French Socialist Party (PS). Strauss-Kahn became the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on 28 September 2007, with the backing of his country's president, Nicolas Sarkozy, and served in that role until his resignation on 18 May 2011.

He is a professor of economics at the Paris Institute for Political Studies ("Sciences Po"). Strauss-Kahn was Minister of Economy and Finance from 1997 to 1999 as part of Lionel Jospin's "Plural Left" government. He belongs to the right wing of the PS (which is on the center-left of French politics) and sought the nomination in the primaries to the Socialist presidential candidacy for the 2007 election, but he was defeated by Ségolène Royal in November 2006.

In May 2011, Strauss-Kahn was arrested in New York City and charged with the sexual assault of a housekeeper who entered his Sofitel hotel suite, but all charges were later dismissed at the request of the prosecution. Strauss-Kahn entered a plea of not guilty, and denied all charges. The New York District Attorney moved to withdraw the charges on 22 August 2011, due to the unreliability of the complainant and inconclusive physical evidence, and the court agreed.

Early life

Dominique Strauss-Kahn was born in the wealthy Paris suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine. He is the son of lawyer Gilbert Strauss-Kahn, who specialised in tax law, and journalist Jacqueline Fellus. Strauss-Kahn's father was born to an Alsatian Jewish father and a Catholic mother from Lorraine; Strauss-Kahn's mother is from a Sephardic Jewish family in Tunisia.

The family settled in Agadir, Morocco, in 1951, but after the 1960 earthquake moved to Monaco, where his father had a legal practice. While the family was living in Monaco, Strauss-Kahn went to school at the Lycee Albert 1er. The family later returned to Paris, where he attended high school at the Lycée Carnot. He graduated from HEC Paris in 1971 and from Sciences-Po in 1972. He sat and failed the entrance examination for École nationale d'administration, but obtained a degree in public law, as well as a PhD and an ''agrégation'' (1977) in economics at the Université Paris X (Nanterre).

Career outside politics

From 1977 to 1981, Strauss-Kahn lectured at the University of Nancy-II, first as an assistant, and later as assistant professor, before being transferred to the University of Nanterre. In 1982, he was appointed to the Plan Commission as head of the finance department, and later as Deputy Commissioner, a position he held until his election to the National Assembly in 1986. After his ousting in the 1993 parliamentary elections, Strauss-Kahn founded DSK Consultants, a corporate law consulting firm. Upon resigning from the Jospin government, he resumed his academic duties, teaching economics at Sciences Po from 2000 until his appointment to the IMF in 2007.

Political career

Strauss-Kahn was first an activist member of the Union of Communist Students, before joining in the 1970s the ''Centre d'études, de recherches et d'éducation socialiste'' (Center on Socialist Education Studies and Research, CERES) led by Jean-Pierre Chevènement, future presidential candidate for the 2002 election. There, he befriended the future Prime Minister of France Lionel Jospin (PS).

After the election of President François Mitterrand (PS) in 1981, he decided to stay out of government. He got involved in the Socialist Party (PS), which was led by Lionel Jospin, and founded ''Socialisme et judaïsme'' ("''Socialism and Judaism''"). The next year, he was appointed to the ''Commissariat au plan'' (Planning Commission) as ''commissaire-adjoint''.

In 1986 he was elected deputy for the first time in the Haute-Savoie department, and in 1988 in the Val-d'Oise department. He became chairman of the National Assembly Committee on Finances, famously exchanging heated words with the Finance Minister Pierre Bérégovoy (PS).

Minister for Industry (1991–93)

In 1991, he was nominated by Mitterrand to be Junior Minister for Industry and Foreign Trade in Édith Cresson's social-democrat government. He kept his position in Pierre Bérégovoy's government until the 1993 general elections.

After the electoral defeat of 1993, Strauss-Kahn was appointed by former Prime Minister Michel Rocard chairman of the ''groupe des experts du PS'' ("Group of Experts of the Socialist Party"), created by Claude Allègre. The same year, he founded the law firm "DSK Consultants" and worked as a business lawyer.

In 1994, Raymond Lévy, who was director of Renault, invited him to join the ''Cercle de l’Industrie'', a French industry lobby in Brussels, where he met the billionaire businessman Vincent Bolloré and top manager Louis Schweitzer; Strauss-Kahn served as secretary-general and later as vice-president. This lobbyist activity earned him criticism from the alter-globalization left.

In June 1995, he was elected mayor of Sarcelles and married Anne Sinclair, a famous television journalist working for the private channel TF1 and in charge of a political show, ''Sept sur Sept''. She ceased presenting this show after Strauss-Kahn's nomination as Minister of Economics and Finance in 1997 to avoid conflict of interest, while Strauss-Kahn himself would cede his place as mayor to François Pupponi in order to avoid double responsibilities.

Minister for Economics, Finances and Industry (1997–99)

In 1997, Prime Minister Lionel Jospin (PS) appointed Strauss-Kahn as Minister for Economics, Finance and Industry, making him one of the most influential ministers in his ''Plural Left'' government.

Although it was in theory contrary to the Socialist Party's electoral program, he implemented a wide privatization program, which included among others the IPO of France Télécom; he also implemented some deregulation policies in the research and development sector. The French economy achieved an excellent performance during his term of office: the GDP increased, whereas unemployment and public debt decreased (creation of 300,000 jobs in 1998, a level not seen since 1969). This helped to strengthen his popularity and managed to win the support of former supporters of Lionel Jospin and Michel Rocard, making him the leader of the reform-oriented group ''Socialisme et démocratie''. Strauss-Kahn has been originally a proponent of the working time reduction to 35 hours, a measure implemented by Martine Aubry, Minister for Social Policies.

In 1998 he became one of the leaders of the Socialist Party for the regional elections in the Ile-de-France region (Paris and suburbs), which were won by the PS. But as Strauss-Kahn refused to exchange his ministry for the executive leadership of the Ile-de-France, Jean-Paul Huchon became the president of the regional council.

In 1999, he was accused of corruption in two financial scandals related to Elf Aquitaine and the MNEF, a student mutual health insurance, and decided to resign from his ministerial office to fight these charges, in agreement with the "Balladur jurisprudence". He was replaced by Christian Sautter. He was acquitted in November 2001, and was reelected in a by-election in the Val-d'Oise.

As Minister of Economics and Finance, Strauss-Kahn succeeded in decreasing VAT to 5.5% for renovation works in construction, thus supporting this activity. At the same time, he decreased the budget deficit, which was more than 3% of GDP under Alain Juppé's center-right government (1995–97). He thus prepared France's entrance in the euro zone. Strauss-Kahn also repealed the Thomas Act on hedge funds and launched the ''Conseil d'orientation des retraites'' (Orientation Council on Pensions).

Strauss-Kahn succeeded in combining followers of Jospin and Rocard in the same political movement, ''Socialisme et démocratie'', but failed to make it more than an informal network.

In opposition

After Jacques Chirac's success in the 2002 presidential election and the following Union for a Popular Movement (UMP)'s majority in Parliament, Strauss-Kahn was reelected deputy on 16 June 2002, in the 8th circonscription of the Val-d'Oise. He first declined in taking part in the new leadership of the PS, then in the opposition, in the 2003 congress of the party. But he joined the party's leadership again at the end of 2004, and was given overall responsibility for drawing up the Socialist programme for the 2007 presidential election, along with Martine Aubry and Jack Lang. During the summer meeting of 2005, he announced that he would be a candidate for the primary elections of the Socialist Party for the presidential election.

At the same time, Strauss-Kahn co-founded the think tank ''À gauche en Europe'' (To the Left in Europe) along with Michel Rocard. He presided jointly with Jean-Christophe Cambadélis over the ''Socialisme et démocratie'' current in the PS.

Strauss-Kahn was one of the first French politicians to enter the blogosphere; his blog became one of the most visited, along with Juppé's, during his stay in Quebec.

Strauss-Kahn then campaigned for the "Yes" at the French European Constitution referendum, 2005. More than 54% of the French citizens refused it, damaging Strauss-Kahn's position inside the PS, while left-wing Laurent Fabius, who had campaigned for a "No" vote, was reinforced.

Strauss-Kahn sought the nomination for the Socialist candidacy in the 2007 presidential election. His challengers were former prime minister Laurent Fabius and Ségolène Royal, the president of the Poitou-Charentes region. Strauss-Kahn finished second, behind Royal. On 13 April 2007, Strauss-Kahn called for an "anti-Sarkozy front" between the two rounds of the forthcoming presidential election. Following Ségolène Royal's defeat, Strauss-Kahn criticized the PS's strategy and its chairman, François Hollande. Along with Fabius, he then resigned from the party's national directorate in June 2007. Strauss-Kahn had been widely expected to seek the Socialist nomination for President of France in 2012, and was considered an early favorite.

IMF Managing Director (2007–11)

On 10 July 2007, Strauss-Kahn became the consensus European nominee to be the head of the IMF, with the personal support of President Nicolas Sarkozy (member of the right UMP party). Former Polish Prime Minister Marek Belka withdrew his candidacy as it was opposed by the majority of European countries. Some critics alleged that Sarkozy proposed Strauss-Kahn as managing director of the IMF to deprive the Socialist Party of one of its more popular figures.

Strauss-Kahn became the front runner in the race to become Managing Director of the IMF, with the support of the 27-nation European Union, the United States, China and most of Africa. On 28 September 2007, the International Monetary Fund's 24 executive directors selected him as the new managing director. Strauss-Kahn replaced Spain's Rodrigo Rato. On 30 September 2007, Dominique Strauss-Kahn was formally named as the new head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The only other nominee was the Czech Josef Tošovský, a late candidate proposed by Russia. Strauss-Kahn said: "I am determined to pursue without delay the reforms needed for the IMF to make financial stability serve the international community, while fostering growth and employment". Under Strauss-Kahn the IMF's pursuit of financial stability has included calls for a possible replacement of the dollar as the world's reserve currency. An IMF report from January 2011 called for a stronger role for Special Drawing Rights (SDR) in order to stabilize the global financial system. According to the report, an expanded role for SDRs could help to stabilize the international monetary system. Furthermore, for most countries (except for those using the US dollar as their currency) there would be several advantages in switching the pricing of certain assets, such as oil and gold, from dollars to SDRs. For some commentators that amounts to a call for a "new world currency that would challenge the dominance of the dollar".

In 2008, the IMF Board appointed an independent investigator following allegations that Strauss-Kahn had had an affair with a subordinate, Piroska Nagy, who was married at the time to economist Mario Blejer. Nagy alleged that Strauss-Kahn had used his position to coerce her into the affair. She was later made redundant and Strauss-Kahn assisted her in getting a new job. The IMF board issued the findings of the investigation; while noting that the affair was "regrettable and reflected a serious error of judgment on the part of the managing director", the board cleared Strauss-Kahn of harassment, favoritism or abuse of power, and indicated that he would remain in his post. Strauss-Kahn issued a public apology for the affair. ''Le Journal du Dimanche'' dubbed him "le grand séducteur" (the Great Seducer).

Strauss-Kahn made comments that could be perceived as critical of global financial actors, in an interview for a documentary about the Late-2000s financial crisis, Inside Job (2010). He said he had attended a dinner organised by former Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson in which several CEOs of 'the biggest banks in the U.S' had admitted they (or perhaps bankers in general) were 'too greedy' and bore part of the responsibility for the crisis. They said the government " 'should regulate more, because we are too greedy, we can't avoid it.' " Strauss-Kahn said he warned the officials of a number of departments of the U.S. government of an impending crisis. He also said: "At the end of the day, the poorest – as always – pay the most."

Referring to his diplomatic efforts to secure IMF aid for Europe following the 2010 sovereign debt crisis, economist Simon Johnson described Strauss-Kahn as "Metternich with a blackberry". In May 2011, referring to the IMF's change of heart in favour of progressive rather than neoliberal values, Joseph Stiglitz wrote that Strauss-Kahn had proved himself to be a "sagacious leader" of the institution. Following Strauss-Kahn's arrest for sexual assault in New York, economist Eswar Prasad said that should he be forced to step down, the IMF "will find it hard to find as effective and skilful an advocate for keeping the institution central to the global monetary system".

John Lipsky, the IMF’s second-in-command, was named acting Managing Director on 15 May 2011.

Strauss-Kahn resigned from the IMF on 18 May 2011, after being arrested by NY police on 15 May over allegations of sexual assault.

Timeline

Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, 2007–2011 (resignation – sexual assault case)

;Governmental functions

Minister of Industry and Foreign trade, 1991–1993.

Minister of Economy, Finance and Industry, 1997–1999 (resignation).

;Electoral mandates

Member of the National Assembly of France for Val d'Oise, 1986–1991 (becoming minister in 1991). Reelected in 1997, was minister 2001–2007 (resigned on becoming Managing Director of the IMF in 2007). Elected in 1986, reelected in 1988, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2007.

;''Regional Council''

Regional councillor of Ile-de-France, 1998–2001 (resignation).

;''Municipal Council''

Mayor of Sarcelles, 1995–1997 (resignation).

Deputy-mayor of Sarcelles, 1997–2007 (resigned on becoming Managing Director of the IMF in 2007). Reelected in 2001.

Municipal councillor of Sarcelles, 1989–2007 (resigned on becoming Managing Director of the IMF in 2007). Reelected in 1995, 2001.

;''Agglomeration community Council''

President of the Agglomeration community of Val de France, 2002–2007 (resigned on becoming Managing Director of the IMF in 2007).

Member of the Agglomeration community of Val de France, 2002–2007 (resigned on becoming Managing Director of the IMF in 2007).

Personal life

Strauss-Kahn has four daughters, one of whom is by his second wife, Brigitte Guillemette, whom he married in 1984. He has been married to his third wife, French journalist Anne Sinclair, since 1991. Sinclair is the heiress to part of the fortune of her maternal grandfather, Paul Rosenberg. The couple have a house in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C., two apartments in Paris, and a riad in Marrakesh, Morocco.

Allegations of sexual assault in New York

On 14 May 2011, a 32 year old maid, Nafissatou Diallo, at the Sofitel New York Hotel alleged that Strauss-Kahn had sexually assaulted her after she entered his suite.

Strauss-Kahn was formally indicted on 18 May and granted 1 million bail, plus a 5 million bond, the following day. He was ordered to remain confined to a New York apartment under guard. He was arraigned on June 6, 2011, and pled not guilty. On June 30, 2011, the ''New York Times'' reported that the case was on the "verge of collapse" because of problems with the credibility of the alleged victim, who had, according to sources within the NYPD, repeatedly lied to the police since making her first statement. According to prosecutors, the accuser admitted that she lied to a grand jury about the events surrounding the alleged attack. Diallo claims that the translator on June 28, 2011, misunderstood her words. Strauss-Khan was released from house arrest on 1 July.

After completing a lengthy investigation, prosecutors filed a motion to drop all charges against Strauss-Kahn, stating that they were not convinced of his culpability beyond a reasonable doubt due to serious issues in the complainant's credibility and inconclusive physical evidence, and therefore could not ask a jury to believe in it. The motion was granted by judge Obus in a hearing on August 23, 2011.

Works

''Inflation et partage des surplus; le cas des ménages''. Cujas, 1975. (with André Babeau and André Masson).

''Économie de la famille et accumulation patrimoniale''. Cujas. 1977.

''La Richesse des Français- Epargne, Plus-value/Héritage''. (with André Babeau). Paris: PUF, 1977. Collection « L'économiste » ed. Pierre Tabatoni. Enquête sur la fortune des Français.

''Pierre Bérégovoy: une volonté de réforme au service de l'économie 1984–1993.'' Cheff, 2000. (with Christian Sautter)

''La Flamme et la Cendre'', Grasset, 2002, (ISBN 2-01-279122-0)

''Lettre ouverte aux enfants d’Europe'', Grasset, 2004, (ISBN 2-246-68251-7)

''Pour l'égalité réelle: Eléments pour un réformisme radical'', Note de la Fondation Jean Jaurès, 2004

''DVD pour le Oui à la constitution'', 2005

''365 jours, journal contre le renoncement'', Grasset, 2006

References

External links

IMF Official Biography

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Category:1949 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of Sciences Po Category:Alumni of the University of Bristol Category:Faculty of Sciences Po Category:French economists Category:French people imprisoned abroad Category:French people of Jewish descent Category:Managing directors of the International Monetary Fund Category:People from Neuilly-sur-Seine Category:Prisoners and detainees of New York Category:Political sex scandals Category:Socialist Party (France) politicians

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